Notes & Bibliography

Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky–Violin Concerto in D, Op. 35-1. Allegro Moderato

FOOTNOTES

FROM SCENE FOUR: THE BUTCHER SHOP

1.Final Report of the International Commission on the Holocaust in Romania, presented to Romanian President, Ion Iliescu, November 11, 2004, Bucharest, Romania. (http:www.ushmm.org/research/center)

2. Ibid., p.1
3. Ibid., p.2
4. Ibid., p.41
5. Ibid., p.31
6. Ibid., p.38
7. Ibid., p.35
8. Ibid., p.33
9. Ibid., pp.46-48
10. Ibid., p.5
11. Ibid., pp. 5-8.
12. Constantiniu, Florin, “O Istorie Sincera a Poporului Roman,”p. 376, Bucharest, Univers Enciclopedici, 1999.
13. Ibid., p. 405.

FROM SCENE ELEVEN: CHARACTERS OF EVIL

NOTES

1. CEAUSESCU AND NUCLEAR ARMS:
   • Lt. General Ion Pacepa, Ceausescu’s chief of Foreign Intelligence, writes in his memoir, Red Horizons, on p. 21, that in 1968, “Two Romanian nuclear specialists defected to the West and found employment in Canada’s nuclear facility, AECL, the Atomic Energy of Canada, on the reactor project, CANDU. Ceausescu saw the perfect solution for making Romania an exporter of atomic power plants, uranium, and heavy water throughout the Third World.”
   • Pacepa writes in Red Horizons, p. 294, “On November 19, 1977, Romania also signed an agreement with Canada to buy parts for one or two nuclear reactors to be built in Cernavoda as a model for promoting Romanian export of nuclear power plants.” (http://www.ccnr/org/exports); (Exporting Disaster: The Cost of Selling CANDU Reactors, “Chapter 2, “China, India, Romania, Korea, Turkey,” by David Martin, November 1996, Ontario, Canada.)
   • “Rate of Nuclear Thefts Disturbingly High, Monitoring Chief says,” The New York Times, by Neil MacFarquhar, October 28, 2008, p. A4, “Mohammed El Baradei, United Nations Chief of the International Atomic Energy Agency, claims there is a great number of nuclear and radioactive material stolen by countries of the former Soviet bloc.”
   • While researching for Gift of Diamonds, I found in the United Nations library a letter dated July 2, 1992 addressed to Hans Blix, the Director General of the U.N. International Atomic Energy Agency. The letter stated that under the former regime in Romania, Ceausescu had established, “lab-scale research studies on nuclear fuel and plutonium” that had not been reported to the IAEA.
   • Lt. General Ion Pacepa, Ceausescu’s chief of Foreign Intelligence, writes in his memoir, Red Horizons, on p. 21, that in 1968, “Two Romanian nuclear specialists defected to the West and found employment in Canada’s nuclear facility, AECL, the Atomic Energy of Canada, on the reactor project, CANDU. Ceausescu saw the perfect solution for making Romania an exporter of atomic power plants, uranium, and heavy water throughout the Third World.”
   • Pacepa writes in Red Horizons, p. 294, “On November 19, 1977, Romania also signed an agreement with Canada to buy parts for one or two nuclear reactors to be built in Cernavoda as a model for promoting Romanian export of nuclear power plants.” (http://www.ccnr/org/exports); (Exporting Disaster: The Cost of Selling CANDU Reactors, “Chapter 2, “China, India, Romania, Korea, Turkey,” by David Martin, November 1996, Ontario, Canada.)
   • “Rate of Nuclear Thefts Disturbingly High, Monitoring Chief says,” The New York Times, by Neil MacFarquhar, October 28, 2008, p. A4, “Mohammed El Baradei, United Nations Chief of the International Atomic Energy Agency, claims there is a great number of nuclear and radioactive material stolen by countries of the former Soviet bloc.”
   • While researching for Gift of Diamonds, I found in the United Nations library a letter dated July 2, 1992 addressed to Hans Blix, the Director General of the U.N. International Atomic Energy Agency. The letter stated that under the former regime in Romania, Ceausescu had established, “lab-scale research studies on nuclear fuel and plutonium” that had not been reported to the IAEA.

• Romania and the Nuclear Bomb
• “Former Romanian spy-master Ion Mihai Pacepa, who defected in 1978, has accused the former regime of Romanian dictator Nicolae Ceausescu of initiating a nuclear weapons program. Pacepa was with the Romanian secret police, the Securitate, for 27 years before defecting. He also alleged that Romania was cooperating with Pakistan.
• “There was clearly some truth to the report. In 1992, the (post- Ceausescu) Romanian government contacted the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) to report its discovery of 100 milligrams of plutonium that had been separated in December 1985 at the Pitesti Nuclear Research Institute. The plutonium had been separated from fuel irradiated in a Triga research reactor supplied by the US. While the amount of plutonium separated was small, the act was a clear violation of Romania’s commitments made under the Non-Proliferation Treaty. A more extensive nuclear weapons program may have been covered up.
• “There is also irrefutable evidence that Romania had black-market nuclear trade relations with another ‘threshold’ nuclear weapons state. In 1990, the post-Ceausescu Romanian government disclosed that 12.5 tonnes of heavy water it had purchased from Norway in 1986 had been secretly diverted to India ~ a country that has not signed the Nuclear Non-proliferation Treaty. Again this transaction was in violation of NPT commitments.
• “These proven violations of Canadian and international proliferation regimes indicate the relative ineffectiveness of those protocols in the face of an unscrupulous and determined regime.” (http://www.ccnr/org/exports); (Exporting Disaster: The Cost of Selling CANDU Reactors, “Chapter 2, “China, India, Romania, Korea, Turkey,” by David Martin, November 1996, Ontario, Canada.)
• “Romania signed the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty. In spite of this, under Ceausescu, Romania had a secret weapons development program that was not declared to the United Nations, International Atomic Energy Agency and was only stopped in 1992.”
• (http://www.indopedia.org/index.php%3Dlist_of_countries_with_nuclear_weapons)

2. CEAUSESCU AND ARAFAT:

• As of 1972 Arafat and Ceausescu began extensive meetings in Romania. In 1976, Ceausescu and Arafat agreed to exchange intelligence advisors. The PLO nominated Hani Hassan (who was in charge of the massacre of eleven Israeli Olympians at the September 5, 1972 Olympics in Munich). Ceausescu sent Ion Pacepa to represent Romania.
• It was Ceausescu who gave Arafat the idea to transform the PLO into a Palestinian government-in-exile in Tunisia (1982-1993). Ceausescu advised Arafat, “It would be much easier to persuade the West to negotiate with a government-in-exile than with a terrorist organization… When I get to Washington, I want to put it to Carter that I, and only I, can change the PLO, and that I am willing to do so, if he agrees to transfer the negotiations from Camp David to Geneva.” (Red Horizons, by Ion Pacepa, p.27.)
• Clearly Ceausescu’s idea to create Arafat as a chameleon was to endorse peace. But his true motive was to become a Power Broker and mediator-middleman between the U.S. and the Middle East. Yasser Arafat received the Nobel Peace Prize for Peace in 1994 with Prime Minister of Israel Rabin and Shimon Peres.
• “The KGB Man,” Wall St. Journal, by Ion Pacepa, September 22, 2003, describes how Ceausescu and Pacepa created an image for Arafat with the blessings of the KGB and how Arafat went on to be a career terrorist.
• “The KGB Man,” Wall St. Journal, by Ion Pacepa, September 22, 2003, describes how Ceausescu and Pacepa created an image for Arafat with the blessings of the KGB and how Arafat went on to be a career terrorist. It was Ceausescu who helped Arafat train PLO’s in the Carpathian Mountains, far from western eyes, to become the first suicide bombers. Ceausescu even set up language schools where Romanians spoke in Arabic to give their instructions in how to pilot.

“The KGB Man” by Ion Pacepa, Wall Street Journal

3. CEAUSESCU AND GADDAFI:

• With Gaddafi’s money, Ceausescu sent his agricultural experts to construct farms all over Libya in the 1970’s and made a fortune and a friend. (Red Horizons, by Ion Pacepa, p. 101.)
• Stolen passports were an important link between Ceausescu, Gaddafi and Arafat.
• In order to stage terrorist acts abroad without involving Tripoli directly, the Libyan government amassed passports that were stolen from workers in Tunisia as well as forged passports made by Ceausescu’s experts. (Arafat and the PLO’s were in exile in Tunisia during this period)
• The New York Times article, “Hostages Sought, Vienna Gunmen Say,” by Paul Lewis, December 31, 1985, p. A 4, “The Libyans are to this day organizing terrorist missions with the help of this passport collection. The terrorists who made an attack at the El Al checkout counter in the Vienna airport on December 27, 1985 were traveling with stolen Tunisian passports. Several hundred Tunisian passports were confiscated recently by the Libyans from Tunisian workers.”
• Ceausescu and Gaddafi were also business partners with oil. “Ceausescu set up an oil refinery on the Black Sea to process only Libyan crude oil with the products to be exported as Romanian – as a safety valve for Gaddafi, in case of a western boycott of Libyan oil.” (Red Horizons, by Ion Pacepa, p. 105).
• Ceausescu and Gaddafi established joint ventures to manufacture tanks based on Germany’s Leopold II, airplanes as the Fokker-614, and bacteriological weapons. Ceausescu wanted the site to be secret. “The tank assembly line should not be in Bucharest but hidden in a mountainous area.” (Ibid., p.369.)

4. CEAUSESCU AND ZULFIKAR ALI BHUTTO:

• In 1975, Bhutto was Pakistan’s Prime Minister and the leader behind Dr. Abdul Qadeer Khan’s ascent to become Pakistan’s “Father of the Nuclear Bomb.” (The New York Times, November 5, 2004; The New York Times, November 24, 2004; Time magazine, “The Merchant of Menace,” February 14, 2005, pp. 22-30.
• Ion Pacepa describes Ceausescu and Bhutto’s friendship: “In 1975 I showed Ceausescu’s DIE (Romania’s Espionage Agency) information indicating that Pakistan was conducting ultra-secret operations to develop its own military nuclear capability. That was also Ceausescu’s secret dream.” Red Horizons, by Ion Pacepa, pp. 300-302.
• Bhutto and Ceausescu met for the first time in Karachi in 1975. Pacepa recounts the meeting: Ceausescu began, “You and I share the same dream… and the best way to do that is to build up our power. In our day the only real power is nuclear power. We should build it secretly. … In this envelope is a sample of what we can do. Bhutto carefully put the envelope into his pocket. It contained an inventory of the nuclear intelligence information Romania could secretly provide to Pakistan. (Ibid., p.301.)
• Four weeks after this encounter, Radu Andreescu, an engineer working for Ceausescu, went to Pakistan with a voluminous diplomatic pouch containing sensitive nuclear information obtained from the CaMican project of the CANDU reactor as well as French nuclear security systems. He brought back to Romania supplementary intelligence on the Degussa centrifuge system for enriching uranium on which Bucharest was already working, and significant data on the industrial production of Uranium 235.” (Ibid.,  pp. 301-302.) (Note: Uranium 235 is an isotope, a form of uranium whose atomic arrangements can generate a nuclear reaction.)
• In 1975, Dr. Khan was working for URENCO in Holland and lived there with his Dutch wife. After one year, they left Holland with stolen blueprints of centrifuges. In 1976, Pakistan with Dr. Khan as the Director of their Nuclear Agency, began building Dutch SNOR centrifuges.

5. CEAUSESCU AND IRAN:

• Ceausescu did business with Iran’s Shah Reza Pahlavi and his brother in the 1980’s.
• On December 17, 1989, Ceausescu and his wife left Bucharest to visit Teheran, despite the beginnings of demonstrations and violence in Timisoara. For two days they stayed in Iran for business purposes. “Romania and Iran were negotiating an arms deal. In addition, Romania was close to sealing an agreement to modernize for Iran all the Warsaw Pact military equipment that Iran secured during the Iran-Iraq War of 1980-88. Romania was also building for Iran a naval base as well as a tractor plant to produce military vehicles. In exchange, Romania was to receive from Iran crude oil and natural gas per year as well as $2 billion worth of contracts.”(The Romania Revolution, by Peter Siani-Davies, p. 69).
• When Ceausescu returned to Bucharest two days later, violence and revolution had spread from Timisoara to Bucharest.

6. CEAUSESCU AND DIAMONDS:

• Nicolae and Elena Ceausescu’s fascination with diamonds led them to create a friendship with Jean Bedel Bokassa, Central African dictator, whose country was known for their diamond mines. It all began, “In 1975 they invited Bokassa to make an official visit to Bucharest where they saw to it that he would be shown a good time by a stunning Romanian girl, Gabriela… Because of her, Bokassa secretly accepted 10% of the profits, paid into a Swiss account, from the diamond mines he arranged for Romania to operate…This relationship lasted 2 years and so did Bokassa and Gabriela.” (Red Horizons by Ion Pacepa, p.70.)
• During this time, Bokassa had another good friend, France’s President Giscard d’Estaing. On October 10, 1979, the French newspaper Le Canard Enchainé reported that President Giscard d’Estaing had accepted two diamonds in 1973 from Bokassa. This erupted into a scandal called, L’Affaire des Diamonds which was followed in early December 1979 by another scandal, the friendship of Bokassa and Gaddafi. Bokassa in 1976, had converted to Islam and had changed his name with the supposition that Gaddafi would bestow financial aid to him and his country. Several months later when aid did not come from Gaddafi, Bokassa converted back to Catholicism.
• It should not be forgotten that Giscard d’Estaing sold Alouette and Puma helicopters to Ceausescu. In this way the French President was able to show a surge in the economy and win re-election. He did not inform his voters that the planes were to be used by Arafat and the PLO’s. For this business deal, Giscard introduced Ceausescu to Bokassa with whom Giscard was also doing business.
• Pacepa tells us that “In 1975, Ceausescu ordered me to obtain the technology and equipment for producing synthetic diamonds…At the beginning of January 1978 we started industrial production on a large scale.” (Red Horizons by Ion Pacepa, p.71.)
• Ceausescu told Pacepa, “Your DIE (Espionage Agency) has to sell stars (diamonds) secretly on the Western market – the same way it does with the cocaine in transit from Asia to Europe that we confiscate at the border.”(Ibid., p.72.)

7. CEAUSESCU AND JEWS:

• Ceausescu claimed that “Oil and Jews are our best export commodities.” From the 1950’s to the 1970’s, Israel wanted to get the Romania Jews who had survived the Holocaust to be freed from Communist Romania and emigrate to Israel. The Mossad was amenable to pay for this service by using their middleman, Jacober, to negotiate with Romanian dictators, Gheorghe Gheorghiu-Dej and then Ceausescu. When Jacober died of cancer, the deputy director of Israeli Intelligence for Immigration, a native Romanian with an Israeli diplomatic passport, became Ceausescu’s partner. For these transactions, Ceausescu earned “hundreds of millions of dollars” in cash.
• Israel also supplied Romania with Centurion tanks as part of a barter system. Ceausescu later copied and manufactured these tanks and shared them with his friends.

8. CEAUSESCU AND NORTH KOREA’S KIM JUNG II:

• Romanian newspaper, International Curentul, April 7, 2005, p. 3A, relates how Ceausescu sold parts of the atomic bomb to dictator Kim Jung II from 1978-1980.
• The New York Times narrates how Kim Jung II sold Libya uranium hexafluoride for nuclear centrifuges.”( The New York Times, David E. Sanger, February 2, 2005, p. A1)
• “North Korea’s plutonium program dates back to 1986, U.S. official says. (This is during Ceausescu’s era.) There are records for the 5-megawatt reactor and fuel processing plant at the Yongbyon nuclear complex.”  (Wall St. Journal, “North Korea: Nuclear Program Documents Appear Complete, U.S. says,” May 14, 2008.)

9. CEAUSESCU AND IRAQ:

• Secret agents of the Iraqi leader, Saddam Hussein, lived, studied and worked in Romania as part of an Iraqi terrorist network in Romania. “During the Communist era, students (secret agents) came from Iraq, Iran, Sudan and Libya to study in Bucharest. Often they married and stayed… A Romanian arm of al-Dawa smuggles Iraqi defectors out of Iraq, into Romania, and on to western Europe.” (The Wall St Journal, “Romania’s Expulsion of Iraqi Diplomat Fuels Suspicion of Baghdad’s Activity in Europe,” by Rick Jarvis.)

BIBLIOGRAPHY:

• Alb, Simion, Interview. New York: Director of Romanian National Tourism, June 2010.
• Behr, Edward, Kiss the Hand You Can Not Bite: The Rise and Fall of the Ceausescus. New York: Villard Books, 1991.
• Camarasa, Jorge, Le Mystère Mengele, 2008, tranlation to French, Robert Laffont,
• Constantinu, Florin, O Istorie Sincera a Poporului Roman. Bucuresti: Univers Enciclopedic, 1999.
• http://www.ccnr/org/exports); (Exporting Disaster: The Cost of Selling CANDU Reactors, “Chapter 2, “China, India, Romania, Korea, Turkey,” by David Martin, November 1996, Ontario, Canada.
• http://www.indopedia.org/index.php%3Dlist_of_countries_with_nuclear_weapons
• International Commission on the Holocaust in Romania, on line.
• Ioanid, Radu, The Holocaust in Romania. Chicago: Ivan R. Dee, 2000.
• Ioanid, Radu, The Ranson of the Jews. Chicago: Ivan R. Dee, 2005.
• Klepper, Nicolae, Romania: An Illustrated History. New York: Hippocrene Books,2002.
• Pacepa, Lt. Gen. Ion Mihai, Red Horizons. Washington D.C., Regnery Gateway, 1987.
• Pavoni, Consul General, Interview. Consul General of Romania. June 2010.
• Radic, Branko, Interview. Military Attache, Mission of Croatia. June 2010.
• Siani-Davies, Peter, The Romanian Revolution, New York,Cornell Press, Cornell, 2007.
• Tismaneanu, Vladimir, Stalinism for all Seasons: A Political History of Romanian Communism, University of California Press, 2003.
• Toland, John, Adolf Hitler. New York: Dounleday & Co., 1976.

For more information related to Ceausescu’s business and terrorist activities, please go to Gift of Diamonds visit the Fact/Fiction and Factual Resource sections of Gift of Diamonds.